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CANOLA MEAL DAIRY FEEDING GUIDE 7th EDITION, 2024 Innovative. Sustainable. Resilient. Creating superior value for a healthier world.INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINEPOULTRYAQUACULTURE CANOLA MEAL This technical guide on the use of canola meal in animal feeds is the latest in a series of publications produced by the Canola Council of Canada. Every few years, this Canola Meal Feeding Guide is updated to incorporate new research information about canola meal utilization as well as developments in feed analysis technology. Since the previous edition in 2019, a considerable amount of additional research regarding the feeding of canola meal has been conducted in many different animal species and in a variety of settings around the world. New information and changes in this latest version of the guide include: • Updated nutrient profiles and digestibility values for solvent extracted and expeller canola meal for all species • Findings regarding the use of canola meal for early lactation, using canola meal to support milk production throughout the lactation cycle • Updated information on a wider variety of aquaculture species • Results from studies showing the ability of canola meal to support gut health • The contribution of canola meal to sustainability A copy of this publication can be found on the Canola Council of Canada’s website canolacouncil.org, as well as on canolamazing.com . INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINE POULTRY AQUACULTURE CANOLA MEAL FEEDING GUIDE | INTRODUCTION | 1 Table of Contents CH. 1 – CANOLA MEAL, A BASIC INTRODUCTION ............................................................................2 CH. 2 – NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CANOLA MEAL .................................................................5 CH. 3 – CANOLA MEAL FOR RUMINANTS ...............................................................................................11 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................................31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Canola Council of Canada would like to thank the following individuals for their contribution to this feed guide: Dr. Essi Evans, E+E Technical Advisory Services Brittany Wood, Canola Council of Canada Caroline Traweger, Canola Council of Canada DOWNLOAD AND VIEW THE FULL CANOLA MEAL FEEDING GUIDE ONLINE:INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINEPOULTRYAQUACULTURE 2 | CANOLA COUNCIL OF CANADA | CANOLAMAZING.COM CH. 1 – CANOLA MEAL, A BASIC INTRODUCTION Canola is one of Canada’s most important crops and is also the second most traded vegetable protein ingredient in the world. The vast, fertile fields of Western Canada are the primary canola production region. In early summer, canola fields dot the countryside with brilliant yellow flowers, yielding between 18-20 million metric tonnes of canola each fall. These tiny round seeds, containing approximately 44% oil, are extracted for use as one of the world’s healthiest culinary oils. After the oil is extracted, the seed solids are processed into a protein-packed meal coproduct that is an excellent addition to livestock feed. The name “canola” (Canadian oil) was coined in order to differentiate it from rapeseed. Canola is an offspring of rapeseed (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris/rapa), that was bred through traditional plant breeding techniques to have low levels of anti-nutrients, specifically erucic acid (< 2%) in the oil portion and low levels of glucosinolates (< 30 μmol/g) in the meal portion. The near removal of the glucosinolates in canola results in a meal that is highly palatable to livestock. Some European countries use the term “double-zero rapeseed” (low erucic acid, low glucosinolates) to characterize the modified “canola quality” seed, oil and meal. PRODUCTION AND MARKETS Canola production in Canada has been steadily increasing, and currently sits at approximately 18-20 million metric tonnes of canola seed per year. The Canadian canola industry is targeting an increase in yield to reach 26 million metric tonnes of production per year, in response to rising world demand. The plan focuses on increasing yields in a sustainable way, while building consumer understanding of canola’s value and achieving stable, open trading relationships. As Figure 1 shows, canola production has risen steadily over the last two decades. Global demand for canola oil and meal continues to grow, spurring investments in new processing capacity here in Canada. From 2021 to 2023, there were five major announcements to add 6.7 MMT of processing capacity in the next several years – representing a 60% increase from the current capacity of 11.1 MMT. This expansion will result in additional canola meal available for export from Canada to countries such as the U.S., China, Mexico and the Indo-Pacific region. About half of Canada’s canola seed is exported, and the other half is processed in Canada (Table 1). Most countries that import canola seed mainly do so for the oil, which is the most valuable component. The seed is processed, and the resulting canola meal is used for the animal feed industry in these countries. Canola meal is widely available and traded, usually sold in bulk form as mash or pellets. Figure 1. Total production and acres of canola from 2002 through 2023. Canadian canola meal is traded under the rules outlined in Table 2. Canola and rapeseed meals are commonly used in animal feeds around the world. Together, they are the second most widely traded protein ingredients after soybean meal. The major producers of canola and rapeseed meal are Canada, Australia, China, the European Union and India. The use of canola meal varies considerably from market to market. Canola meal sold directly to the United States goes primarily to the top dairy producing states. Canola seed exported to other countries for processing - 5 10 15 20 25 - 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 20022004200620082010 2012 20142016201820202022 Harvested Acres (Millions) Metric Tonnes Produced (Millions) TOTAL CANADIAN PRODUCTION Acres - Canada Canadian Canola Harvested Acres & Production Source: Statistics Canada, Table 32-10-0359-01 2003200520072009 20112013 201520172019 2021 2023 INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINE POULTRY AQUACULTURE CANOLA MEAL FEEDING GUIDE | INTRODUCTION | 3 is used in a much more diverse fashion, including feeding to pigs, poultry and fish. Similarly, the meal that is used by the Canadian livestock industry goes primarily to dairy, swine and poultry rations. Table 1. Canadian production, exports and domestic use of canola seed and canola meal (in 000’s metric tonnes) 1 . --------CALENDAR YEAR-------- 2019/20202020/20212021/20222022/2023 Total seed production19,91219,48513,75718,174 Total seed export10,03810,5855,2487,944 China1,9262,7141,2654,608 Japan2,1402,3231,3831,101 Mexico1,1541,3741,0351,208 United Arab Emirates989997307169 Pakistan69166064267 European Union2,1771,751625215 United States495429537320 Other countries4673373356 Domestic seed processing10,12910,4258,5559,961 Domestic meal use737625649528 Total meal export4,9045,2614,5165,311 United States3,4663,5812,9203,484 China1,4171,5771,5871,819 Other Export2110398 1 Statistics Canada. Table 2. Trading rules for canola meal as set by Canadian Oilseed Processors Association (COPA) 1 . CHARACTERISTIC (AS FED)CANADA AND U.S.EXPORT Protein, % minimum36 minimum36 minimum Fat (oil) (typical), solvent extracted, % by mass2 minimum2 minimum Fat (oil) (typical), expeller pressed, % by mass10 minimum10 minimum Moisture, % by mass12 maximum12 maximum Crude Fibre, % by mass12 maximum12 maximum Sand and/or silica, % by mass–1 maximum 1 COPA (Canadian Oilseed Processors Association, 2020).INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINEPOULTRYAQUACULTURE 4 | CANOLA COUNCIL OF CANADA | CANOLAMAZING.COM Solvent Extractor Solvent Strippers Meal Cooler Desolventizer Centrifuge Pellet & Meal Storage Meal Storage Crude Oil Filter Degummed Crude Oil Storage Gums/Soapstock from Refining Expeller Flaking Rolls Seed Cleaner Cooker Pre-Conditioner Seed Storage MEAL PRODUCTION METHODS Most canola seed is processed using solvent extraction in order to separate the oil from the meal. This process, also called prepress solvent extraction, typically includes (Figure 2): • Seed cleaning • Seed preconditioning and flaking • Seed cooking • Pressing the flake to mechanically remove a portion of the oil • Solvent extraction of the press-cake to remove the remainder of the oil • Desolventizing and toasting of the meal • Drying and cooling of the meal A small proportion of Canadian canola seed is processed by using expeller processing, also termed double pressing. The seed is expelled twice to extract oil rather than using solvent to extract the residual oil. Up to the point of solvent extraction, the process is Figure 2. Schematic of the solvent extraction process similar to the traditional preprocess solvent extraction process. However, it excludes the solvent extraction, desolventization, and drying and cooling stages. The resulting meal has higher oil content, which can range from 8–11%. EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON MEAL QUALITY The quality of the meal can be both enhanced and diminished by altering the processing conditions in the processing plant. Minimum processing temperatures are needed in order to deactivate the myrosinase enzyme, which, if not destroyed, will break down glucosinolates into their toxic metabolites (aglucones) in the animal’s digestive tract. Canola processing can also cause thermal degradation of 30–70% of glucosinolates in the meal (Daun and Adolphe, 1997). However, if temperatures are too high for too long, then the protein quality of the meal can decrease. Canola meal quality from processing plants within Canada does not vary widely. Small scale processing, where there is considerable variation in processing temperatures may produce meal of varied quality. INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINE POULTRY AQUACULTURE CANOLA MEAL FEEDING GUIDE | INTRODUCTION | 5 CH. 2 – NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CANOLA MEAL NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTED MEAL Origin and Chemical Analysis Canadian solvent-extracted canola meal is derived from a blend of Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica juncea seed. The majority (> 95%) of the seed produced in Canada is Brassica napus. As with any crop, there is some variability in the nutrient composition of canola meal due to variation in environmental conditions during the growing season of the crop, harvest conditions, and to a minor extent, by cultivar and processing of the seed and meal. The basic nutrient composition of canola meal is shown in Table 1. These results are based on an extensive survey of 13 processing sites, conducted over a seven-year period. Table 1. Composition of solvent extracted canola meal as determined from a 7-year survey of 13 Canadian processing plants 1 . COMPONENT 12% MOISTURE BASIS DRY MATTER BASIS Moisture, %12.000.00 Crude protein (N*6.25), %36.9042.00 Rumen escape protein, % of protein (NRC method) 2 43.5043.50 Rumen escape protein, % of protein (CNCPS method) 3 53.0053.00 Ether extract, %2.813.20 Oleic acid, %1.741.98 Linoleic acid, %0.560.64 Linolenic acid, %0.240.27 Ash, %6.427.30 Calcium, %0.670.76 Phosphorus, %1.031.17 Total dietary fibre %33.6038.20 Acid detergent fibre, %16.3018.60 COMPONENT 12% MOISTURE BASIS DRY MATTER BASIS Neutral detergent fibre, %25.5029.00 Sinapine, %0.881.00 Phytic acid, %2.022.30 Glucosinolates, uMol/g3.143.57 1 Radfar et al., 2017; 2 Broderick et al., 2016; 3 Ross et al., 2013. Protein and Amino Acids For trading purposes, the minimum crude protein value of solvent extracted canola meal is 36%, on a 12% moisture basis. While the minimum crude protein guarantee for Canadian canola meal is 36% (12% moisture basis), the actual protein content usually ranges between 37 and 40%. The minimum allows for yearly variation in canola seed composition due to growing conditions. The influence of weather and soil conditions on the protein content of Canadian canola meal from 2000 to 2023 is shown in Figure 1. As the chart indicates, the protein content of canola meal varies from about 37–42% when calculated on an oil-free, 12% moisture basis. Figure 1. Protein content of canola meal from 2000 to 2023. Protein values calculated on an oil-free, 12% moisture basis (Canadian Grains commission, https://grainscanada.gc.ca/en/grain-research/ grain-harvest-export-quality/canola/2023/) 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 20002005201020152020 Protein, % oil free meal, 12% moisture YearINFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINEPOULTRYAQUACULTURE 6 | CANOLA COUNCIL OF CANADA | CANOLAMAZING.COM The amino acid profile of canola meal is well suited for animal feeding (Table 2). Like many vegetable protein sources, canola meal is limiting in lysine, but the meal is noted for having high levels of methionine and cysteine. The amino acid profile values in Table 2 were corrected to a 36% protein basis, and are therefore likely lower than actual. Amino acid content varies with protein content and can be calculated by multiplying the crude protein content of the meal by the proportion of amino acid as a percentage of protein, as shown. Table 2. Amino acid composition of canola meal on a 36% as-fed protein basis 1,2 . AMINO ACID% OF MEAL % OF CRUDE PROTEIN Alanine1.584.38 Arginine2.196.08 Aspartate + Asparagine2.496.92 Glutamate + Glutamine6.2217.28 Glycine1.734.81 Histidine1.083.00 Isoleucine1.383.84 Leucine2.386.60 Lysine2.045.66 Methionine0.691.93 Methionine + cysteine1.333.69 Phenylalanine1.343.71 Proline2.496.92 Serine1.323.66 Threonine1.433.97 Tryptophan 2 0.481.33 Tyrosine0.902.51 Valine1.614.46 1 Radfar et al., 2017; 2 Evonik AminoDat 6.2, 2021. Fat Content The ether extract content of Canadian canola meal tends to be relatively high at 3.2% (Table 1) compared to 1–2% in canola and rapeseed meals produced in most other countries. In Canada, it is general practice to include canola glycolipids and phospholipids back with the meal during the refining of the oil. Likewise, canola meal may further contain 1–2% of the free fatty acids that are derived from canola oil refining. These components increase the energy value of the meal and help to reduce dustiness. Table 3. Fatty acid composition of canola oil 1 . FATTY ACID% OF TOTAL FATTY ACIDS C16:0 Palmitic acid4.5 C16:1 Palmitoleic acid0.2 C18:0 Stearic acid2.4 C18:1 Oleic acid64.5 C18:2 Linoleic acid (omega 6)17.7 C18:3 Linolenic acid (omega 3)8.6 C22:1 Erucic acid<0.1 Total saturated7.8 Total monounsaturated65.4 Total polyunsaturated26.3 1 Ghazani and Marangoni, 2013. Table 3 provides the complete fatty acid analysis for canola oil. As the table shows, this oil contains only a small amount of saturated fatty acids, and a high concentration of oleic acid. Canola meal provides a 2:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. Canola oil is sometimes used in diets to enrich the fatty acid profile of milk, meat or eggs (Gallardo, et al., 2012; Gül, et al., 2012; Chelikani, et al., 2004). Carbohydrates and Fibre The carbohydrate matrix of canola meal is quite complex (Table 4). The fibre content is higher than for some vegetable proteins, as the hull cannot be readily removed from the seed. Much of the fibre is in the INFORMATION RUMINANTS SWINE POULTRY AQUACULTURE CANOLA MEAL FEEDING GUIDE | INTRODUCTION | 7 form of acid detergent fibre (ADF), with neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels about 10% higher than ADF. The non-fibre component is rich in sugar, which is mostly provided as sucrose (Table 4). Table 4. Carbohydrate and dietary fibre components of canola meal 1,2,3 . CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS 12% MOISTURE BASIS DRY MATTER BASIS Monosaccharides (Fructose and Glucose), % 1.551.76 Disaccharides (sucrose), %5.586.34 Oligosaccharides, %2.232.53 Starch, %0.430.49 Acid detergent fibre, %16.3218.55 Neutral detergent fibre, %25.5128.99 Total dietary fibre, %34.5339.24 Non-Starch polysaccharides, %20.1522.90 Cellulose, %7.658.69 Non-cellulosic polysaccharides, %12.5014.21 Glycoprotein(NDF insoluble crude protein), % 4.304.89 Lignin and polyphenols, %8.689.86 Lignin, %5.826.61 1 Adewole et al., 2016; 2 Broderick et al., 2016; 3 Slominski and Rogiewicz, unpublished. Minerals Most references on the mineral content of canola meal use the values derived by Bell and Keith (1991), which were reconfirmed in a survey by Bell et al. (1999), and again by the current survey (Broderick et al., 2016; Adewole et al., 2016). The data show that canola meal is a relatively good source of essential minerals (Table 5) compared to other oilseed meals. Canola meal is an especially good source of selenium and phosphorus. Like other vegetable protein sources of phosphorus, a portion of the total is in the form of phytate. Table 5. Mineral content of canola meal 1,2,3 . MINERAL 12% MOISTURE BASIS DRY MATTER BASIS Calcium, %0.650.74 Phosphorus, %0.991.13 Phytate phosphorus, %0.640.73 Non-phytate phosphorus, %0.350.40 Sodium, %0.070.08 Chlorine, %0.100.11 Potassium, %1.131.28 Sulfur, %0.630.72 Magnesium, %0.540.61 Copper, mg/kg4.705.30 Iron, mg/kg162.00184.00 Manganese, mg/kg58.0066.00 Molybdenum, mg/kg1.401.60 Zinc, mg/kg47.0053.00 Selenium, mg/kg1.101.30 1 Adewole et al., 2016; 2 Sauvant et al., 2002; 3 Dairy One (www.dairyone.com). Vitamins Information on the vitamin content of canola meal is very limited and the values provided in Table 6 were averaged from four sources (Wickramasuriya et al., 2015). Canola meal is noted as rich in choline, biotin, folic acid, niacin, riboflavin and thiamine (NRC, 2012). As is recommended with most natural sources of vitamins in animal feeds, users should not place too much reliance on these values and use supplemental vitamin premixes instead.Next >